The Yugoslavian New Dinar is the national currency of Yugoslavia. The ISO 4217 code for the New Dinar is YUM. The New Dinar was introduced in 1994, replacing the former Yugoslavian Dinar at a rate of 1 new dinar = 10,000 old dinars. 

Since its introduction, the New Dinar has been subject to high inflation rates. In January 1995, one month after its introduction, the exchange rate was already 1:1 with the US dollar. By May 2000, it had reached a peak value of 143:1 against the dollar. As of September 2018, one US dollar is worth approximately 6New Dinars.


The Yugoslavian New Dinar is the national currency of Yugoslavia. The ISO 4217 code for the New Dinar is YUM. The New Dinar was introduced in 1994, replacing the former Yugoslavian Dinar at a rate of ...

Yugoslavian New Dinar Currency code (YUM)

**"Yo-Yo"** is a term that is sometimes used to describe the ups and downs of stock prices in the stock market. The term is used to describe the situation where the prices of a particular stock or the overall market experience rapid fluctuations, often with sharp declines followed by equally sharp recoveries. The stock prices may fluctuate widely and rapidly in a short period of time, which can create a yo-yo effect.

This type of stock market behavior can be attributed to a variety of factors, including changes in economic conditions, shifts in investor sentiment, and market-specific news events. In some cases, yo-yo stock market movements can also be caused by short-term speculators trying to take advantage of market fluctuations.

It's important to note that the stock market is inherently volatile, and prices can fluctuate rapidly and unpredictably in response to various factors. As such, it's important for investors to maintain a long-term perspective and to not make investment decisions based solely on short-term market fluctuations. A well-diversified portfolio, combined with a disciplined investment strategy, can help to manage risk and achieve long-term financial goals.


**"Yo-Yo"** is a term that is sometimes used to describe the ups and downs of stock prices in the stock market. The term is used to describe the situation where the prices of a particular stock or the...

Yo-Yo

A **Yield Tilt Index Fund** is a type of passive investment vehicle that seeks to achieve a higher yield than a traditional broad-market index fund. This is typically achieved by investing in securities that have a higher yield than the overall market, such as bonds or dividend-paying stocks.

Yield tilt index funds typically use a rules-based approach to construct their portfolios, focusing on securities with high yields relative to their peers. This approach is designed to provide investors with a higher income stream than a traditional index fund, without taking on the additional risk associated with actively managed funds.

These funds can be a good choice for investors who are looking for a way to increase the income generated by their portfolios, without sacrificing the diversification benefits of an index fund. 

However, it is important to note that yield tilt index funds may also carry additional risks, such as higher credit risk if they invest in lower-rated bonds, or higher volatility if they invest in high-yielding equities.

It's always important to carefully consider the investment objectives, risks, and expenses of any fund before investing, and to seek the advice of a financial advisor if necessary.


A **Yield Tilt Index Fund** is a type of passive investment vehicle that seeks to achieve a higher yield than a traditional broad-market index fund. This is typically achieved by investing in securiti...

Yield Tilt Index Fund

A **Yield Spread** refers to the difference in yield between two bonds or other fixed income securities with different maturities, credit ratings, or other characteristics. The yield spread is expressed in basis points (bps), which is equal to one one-hundredth of a percentage point.

For example, *if one bond has a yield of 3% and another bond has a yield of 4%, the yield spread between the two bonds would be 100 bps (4% - 3%). A bond with a lower credit rating will typically have a higher yield than a bond with a higher credit rating, and the difference between the yields is known as the credit spread. Similarly, bonds with longer maturities will typically have a higher yield than bonds with shorter maturities, and the difference between the yields is known as the term spread.*

Yield spreads can be an important tool for investors in fixed income securities, as they can help to assess the relative value of different bonds and to make informed investment decisions. In addition, yield spreads can be used to monitor market conditions and to make predictions about changes in interest rates.


A **Yield Spread** refers to the difference in yield between two bonds or other fixed income securities with different maturities, credit ratings, or other characteristics. The yield spread is express...

Yield Spread

**Yield On Cost (YOC)** is a metric used to calculate the annual return on an investment based on the original cost of the investment, rather than the current market value.

To calculate YOC, the current yield of an investment is divided by the original cost of the investment and then multiplied by 100 to express the result as a percentage. The formula for YOC is:

**YOC = (Annual dividend / Original Cost of Investment) * 100**

For example, *if an investor bought a stock for $100 and the current annual dividend is $5, the YOC would be 5% ($5 / $100 * 100).*

YOC is used as a measure of the performance of an investment over time and can be useful in evaluating the potential long-term return of an investment. 

However, it's important to keep in mind that YOC can be misleading, as it does not take into account changes in the market value of the investment, dividends, or other factors that may affect the return on investment.

Additionally, YOC is typically used for income-generating investments, such as dividend-paying stocks or bonds, and may not be applicable to other types of investments, such as growth stocks or real estate.


**Yield On Cost (YOC)** is a metric used to calculate the annual return on an investment based on the original cost of the investment, rather than the current market value.

To calculate YOC, the curr...

Yield On Cost (YOC)

A **Yield Curve** is a graphical representation of the relationship between yields and maturities of bonds with similar credit quality. The yield curve shows the yield of bonds for a range of maturities, typically on the vertical axis, and the maturity of the bonds on the horizontal axis.

The shape of the yield curve can provide important insights into market expectations about future interest rates, economic growth, and inflation. A normal yield curve is upward sloping, which means that as the maturity of a bond increases, its yield also increases. This is because investors typically demand a higher yield to compensate for the increased risk of holding a bond with a longer maturity.

Inverted yield curves occur when the yield of bonds with longer maturities is lower than the yield of bonds with shorter maturities. This is a rare but significant event, as it can signal a potential recession in the near future. A flat yield curve occurs when the yield of bonds with different maturities is relatively similar, which may indicate a lack of market conviction about the direction of future interest rates.

Investors can use the information contained in the yield curve to make informed investment decisions. 

For example, *if the yield curve is upward sloping, investors may choose to focus on investments with longer maturities to take advantage of the higher yields available. Conversely, if the yield curve is inverted, investors may choose to focus on investments with shorter maturities, as they may provide a higher level of safety.*

It's important to note that yield curves are constantly changing and should be used in conjunction with other market indicators and economic data to form a complete investment strategy. Investors should also be mindful of the risks associated with investing in bonds and should seek the advice of a financial advisor if necessary.


A **Yield Curve** is a graphical representation of the relationship between yields and maturities of bonds with similar credit quality. The yield curve shows the yield of bonds for a range of maturiti...

Yield Curve

**Yield Chasing** is the practice of investing in high-yielding securities or other income-generating investments in an effort to maximize the current income received from an investment portfolio.

Yield chasing often involves investing in higher-yielding, but potentially riskier, securities, such as junk bonds, real estate investment trusts (REITs), or high-dividend stocks. Investors who engage in yield chasing may prioritize current income over long-term capital appreciation and may be willing to accept a higher degree of risk in order to achieve a higher yield.

While yield chasing can be an effective strategy for some investors, it can also be a dangerous strategy for those who are not experienced or familiar with the risks involved. High-yielding securities may carry higher credit, interest rate, or market risk, and can result in significant losses if not properly managed.

Additionally, yield chasing can also lead to overvaluation of certain high-yielding securities, resulting in a bubble-like market dynamic where prices rise as a result of high demand, but ultimately come down as investors realize the underlying risk.

It's important to remember that yield chasing should be approached with caution, and that a well-diversified portfolio that takes into account both income and long-term growth is often a better strategy for achieving investment goals over the long-term.


**Yield Chasing** is the practice of investing in high-yielding securities or other income-generating investments in an effort to maximize the current income received from an investment portfolio.

Yi...

Yield Chasing

**Yield Basis** is a term used in the bond market to describe the difference between the yield on a bond and the yield on a benchmark, such as a Treasury bond, for bonds with similar maturities and credit ratings.

Yield basis measures the spread between two yield curves and reflects the relative value of a bond compared to a benchmark. It is often used to assess the relative value of a bond and to make investment decisions based on yield relative to the benchmark.

A positive yield basis indicates that the bond in question has a higher yield than the benchmark, and is therefore considered to be relatively more attractive to investors. On the other hand, a negative yield basis indicates that the bond has a lower yield than the benchmark, and is considered relatively less attractive.

Yield basis can also be used to compare bonds of different credit ratings, where a higher yield basis for a lower-rated bond may reflect the higher credit risk associated with that bond.

It's important to note that yield basis is only one factor to consider when evaluating the relative value of a bond, and that other factors, such as the creditworthiness of the issuer, the coupon rate, and the maturity of the bond, may also have a significant impact on the value and risk of the investment.


**Yield Basis** is a term used in the bond market to describe the difference between the yield on a bond and the yield on a benchmark, such as a Treasury bond, for bonds with similar maturities and cr...

Yield Basis

**Yield-Based Options** are a type of financial derivative that allow investors to gain exposure to changes in yield or income from an underlying asset, such as bonds, without actually owning the underlying asset.

A yield-based option gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to receive income in the form of a yield or coupon payment based on the underlying asset. The amount of income received is proportional to the yield of the underlying asset at the time the option is exercised.

Yield-based options are typically used by investors to hedge against changes in interest rates or to gain exposure to changes in the yield of a particular asset without having to actually purchase the underlying asset. They can also be used for speculative purposes, such as betting on changes in interest rates or yield.

It's important to note that yield-based options can be complex and carry significant risk, and as such, they may not be suitable for all investors. Before investing in yield-based options, it's crucial to fully understand the risks involved and to seek professional advice if necessary.


**Yield-Based Options** are a type of financial derivative that allow investors to gain exposure to changes in yield or income from an underlying asset, such as bonds, without actually owning the unde...

Yield-Based Option

**Yields** in finance refer to the return on an investment, usually expressed as a percentage of the investment's cost. Yields are used to measure the effectiveness of an investment in terms of the income generated relative to the amount invested.

The formula for yield can vary depending on the type of investment, but a common formula for yield is:

**Yield = (Annual income / Investment cost) * 100**

**There are different types of yields, including: -**

-	**Coupon yield: -** The coupon yield is the annual interest rate paid on a bond, expressed as a percentage of the bond's face value. It is calculated by dividing the annual coupon payment by the bond's face value.

-	**Current yield: -** The current yield is a measure of the income generated by an investment relative to its market price. It is calculated by dividing the annual income by the current market price of the investment.

-	**Yield to maturity (YTM): -** The yield to maturity is the total return expected on a bond if the investor holds the bond until maturity, taking into account both the coupon payments and any changes in the bond's price. It is calculated as the discount rate that makes the present value of the bond's future cash flows equal to its price.


-	**Yield to call (YTC): -** The yield to call is similar to YTM, but it takes into account the bond's call feature, which allows the issuer to redeem the bond before its maturity date. The yield to call is the total return expected on a bond if the bond is redeemed on its first call date.

-	**Dividend yield: -** The dividend yield is the annual dividend payment per share of a stock, expressed as a percentage of the stock's current market price. It is calculated by dividing the annual dividend payment by the stock's market price.

Yields provide important information to investors about the potential income generated by an investment and the risk associated with that investment. Higher yields generally indicate that an investment is more likely to generate higher income, but they also generally involve higher risk. 

On the other hand, lower yields may indicate lower risk, but they also generally generate lower income. Understanding yields and the different types of yields can help investors make informed investment decisions and assess the potential returns of their investments.


**Yields** in finance refer to the return on an investment, usually expressed as a percentage of the investment's cost. Yields are used to measure the effectiveness of an investment in terms of the in...

Yield

A **Yen ETF** (Exchange Traded Fund) is an investment vehicle that tracks the performance of the Japanese yen, the official currency of Japan. A yen ETF is designed to give investors exposure to the yen without having to physically hold the currency. Instead, the ETF holds yen-denominated assets, such as bonds or other financial instruments, and its value is tied to the performance of the yen relative to other currencies.

Investing in a yen ETF allows investors to gain exposure to the yen as a standalone asset, or as part of a diversified portfolio. For example, an investor who is bullish on the yen may choose to invest in a yen ETF as a way to profit from a potential appreciation in the value of the yen. On the other hand, an investor who is bearish on the yen may choose to short a yen ETF in order to profit from a potential decline in the value of the currency.

It is important to note that investing in a yen ETF, like any investment, involves risks, including currency risk, interest rate risk, and credit risk. Before investing in a yen ETF, it is important to carefully consider these risks and the potential rewards of such an investment in light of your overall financial situation and investment goals.



A **Yen ETF** (Exchange Traded Fund) is an investment vehicle that tracks the performance of the Japanese yen, the official currency of Japan. A yen ETF is designed to give investors exposure to the y...

Yen ETF

The **Yen (¥)** is the official currency of Japan. It is abbreviated as JPY, and its ISO code is JPY. The yen is used for a wide range of transactions in Japan, including consumer purchases, business transactions, and financial transactions.

The yen is one of the major currencies in the world, along with the US dollar, the euro, the British pound, and the Swiss franc. The value of the yen relative to other currencies can fluctuate based on a number of economic and political factors, such as changes in interest rates, the trade balance, and government policies.

As a result, the yen is widely traded in the foreign exchange market, and is often used as a currency for international transactions and as a hedge against currency risk. The yen is also used as a reserve currency by many central banks, meaning that it is held as a source of liquidity in the event of economic turmoil or other financial emergencies.


The **Yen (¥)** is the official currency of Japan. It is abbreviated as JPY, and its ISO code is JPY. The yen is used for a wide range of transactions in Japan, including consumer purchases, business ...

Yen (¥)

The Yemeni rial is the currency of Yemen. It is divided into 100 fils and has been pegged to the US dollar since 1998. The Central Bank of Yemen issues banknotes in denominations of YR1,000, 500, 200 and 100. Coins are issued in denominations of YR50, 25, 10 and 5.

In March 2015, the Central Bank of Yemen introduced new banknotes with enhanced security features in an effort to combat counterfeiting. The new notes were issued in denominations of 1,000 rials (US$4), 500 rials (US$2) and 200 rials (US$1). These notes replaced older versions which will gradually be withdrawn from circulation. 

The Yemeni economy is heavily dependent on oil exports; oil revenues account for about 70% of government revenue and 30%–40%of GDP.


The Yemeni rial is the currency of Yemen. It is divided into 100 fils and has been pegged to the US dollar since 1998. The Central Bank of Yemen issues banknotes in denominations of YR1,000, 500, 200 ...

Yemen Rials Currency code (YER)

**Yellow Sheets** is a term used to refer to the over-the-counter (OTC) market for trading fixed income securities, such as bonds and Treasury bills. The OTC market is a decentralized market where securities are traded directly between buyers and sellers, rather than on a centralized exchange.

The term "Yellow Sheets" comes from the yellow-colored sheets of paper that were traditionally used to record OTC bond transactions. The information on these yellow sheets was compiled and distributed by the National Quotation Bureau (later renamed the National Association of Securities Dealers), which provided market participants with price quotes and other information about OTC securities.

Today, the information that was once recorded on yellow sheets is now maintained and distributed electronically, but the term "Yellow Sheets" is still commonly used to refer to the OTC market for fixed income securities. The Yellow Sheets market is considered less transparent and less regulated than the centralized exchange-traded bond market, which can make it more difficult for investors to assess the creditworthiness and liquidity of the securities traded there. As a result, investing in the Yellow Sheets market may involve a higher degree of risk and requires a more thorough due diligence process for potential investors.


**Yellow Sheets** is a term used to refer to the over-the-counter (OTC) market for trading fixed income securities, such as bonds and Treasury bills. The OTC market is a decentralized market where sec...

Yellow Sheet

A **Yard** is a financial term meaning one billion. The term is derived from the milliard, which is used in some European languages and is equivalent to the number one billion used in American English.

Yards are most commonly used when discussing large sums of money, such as in business or finance. 

For example, *a company might have a revenue of 10 yards per year. This usage helps to quickly communicate just how large the sum of money involved really is.*

While yards are not as commonly used outside of discussions about money, they can be applied to other things where extremely large numbers are involved. For example, astronomers might use yards to discuss very distant stars or galaxies.


A **Yard** is a financial term meaning one billion. The term is derived from the milliard, which is used in some European languages and is equivalent to the number one billion used in American English...

Yard

The **Yankee Market** is a term used to refer to the US financial market for issuing and trading debt securities denominated in US dollars. The Yankee market is a large and diverse market that includes the issuance of bonds by US corporations, government entities, and foreign issuers.

The term "Yankee" is used because the market is based in the United States, which is sometimes referred to as "Yankee Land." The term has been used for many years to refer to things or people from the United States.

The Yankee market offers investors a wide range of investment options, including US Treasury bonds, municipal bonds, corporate bonds, and foreign bonds, such as Yankee bonds. The market is highly regulated and offers a high degree of transparency and liquidity, making it a popular destination for global investors seeking exposure to US dollar-denominated debt securities.

However, like any financial market, the Yankee market involves certain risks, including interest rate risk, credit risk, and market risk. It is important for investors to carefully consider these risks and the potential rewards of investing in the Yankee market before making any investment decisions.


The **Yankee Market** is a term used to refer to the US financial market for issuing and trading debt securities denominated in US dollars. The Yankee market is a large and diverse market that include...

Yankee Market

A **Yankee Bond** is a bond that is issued by a foreign company or government in the United States and denominated in US dollars. Yankee bonds are a type of foreign bond that allows foreign issuers to raise capital in the US financial markets and offer US investors an opportunity to invest in the debt of foreign entities.

These bonds are called Yankee bonds because they are issued in the United States, which is often referred to as "Yankee Land." The term "Yankee" has been used for many years to refer to things or people from the United States.

Yankee bonds can be an attractive investment option for US investors because they offer the opportunity to diversify their portfolios and potentially earn higher yields than comparable US bonds. However, investing in Yankee bonds also involves certain risks, including currency risk, interest rate risk, and credit risk. It is important for investors to carefully consider the risks and potential rewards of Yankee bonds before making an investment decision.


A **Yankee Bond** is a bond that is issued by a foreign company or government in the United States and denominated in US dollars. Yankee bonds are a type of foreign bond that allows foreign issuers to...

Yankee Bond

**Y-Shares** are an institutional share class offered in open-end mutual funds. Targeting institutional investors, the share class often has a high minimum investment, beginning at approximately $25,000. This share class also offers the benefit of waived or limited load charges and lower comparative total annual fees.

The main advantage of investing in Y-shares is that they offer investors a way to avoid paying sales charges on their investments. In addition, Y-shares typically have lower total annual expenses than other share classes, making them a more cost-effective option for long-term investors. However, because they require a higher initial investment amount, Y-shares may not be suitable for all types of investors.




**Y-Shares** are an institutional share class offered in open-end mutual funds. Targeting institutional investors, the share class often has a high minimum investment, beginning at approximately $25,0...

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